Young Enterprise Is A Education Charity Education Essay

IntroductionYoung Enterprise is a instruction charity which delivers an thrilling, ready to hand, hand-on concern experience to immature people. The administration is locally run by voluntaries from the industry and instruction that form the Young Enterprise Boards. This faculty is a existent concern experience non a concern game. It ‘s been revealed through the Graduate Programme how a corporation maps. This experience provided an sole chance to construct information in all countries of concern with new accomplishments such as working as portion of a squad, leading, act uponing others, edifice relationship, concern planning, fiscal direction and control. Furthermore, taking duty for the actions done, client satisfaction and recognizing the demand for quality. We were divided into groups, the chief intent as a group is to put up a concern program, accomplish coherence and a sense of understanding amongst one another. By making this, it was hoped to achieve a sense of integrity and one which helped the squad to work together closely. This was done in a free province of head so that group members would non waver when desiring to province their sentiment. Less major group ends existed of developing support and trusting within the group of co-workers. Furthermore, deriving cognition and thoughts from other members. One of the first activities which was undertaken to make was to present ourselves to each other and give information about what major accomplishments we have. The procedure of this helped us to derive an penetration into the forces of the group and the features of different persons. Some of the other undertakings included us making new thoughts by promoting assurance, trust and synergism within the group. Furthermore, achieving a mark of deploying members right and encouraging finding within the group.Personal Development accomplishments and experienceThere are many cardinal accomplishments that this programme provided and gave me as come oning through it. Some of the accomplishments and experiences that I believe that I have obtained from making this Young Enterprise Graduate Programme are listed below: – Team working consisted of taking portion in identifying and holding on the squad ‘s aims. Me as an single agreeing with each squad members undertakings and working efficaciously with others. I did this by back uping them to make the ends for the whole group. Problem work outing where jobs were being identified and analysed. Furthermore, taking solutions and implementing processs suitably. Communication had to be made by me and team members efficaciously to hold on aims and processs. I took portion in meetings, treatments and successfully interacting with clients and co-workers. Furthermore, bring forthing clear concise written work and presentations by utilizing appropriate and profession ICT techniques. Selling and Gross saless accomplishments were earned by making and transporting out a market research program. Then placing client mark groups and developing the appropriate selling attack. Furthermore, I choose the appropriate selling and gross revenues schemes to sell and administer to aim groups. Operationss accomplishments were achieved by keeping systems to run into quality criterions and measuring environmental impact. Besides puting up processs to run into operational marks and developing rating systems. The Finance experience was achieved by me when transporting out a fiscal audit and choosing schemes to better fiscal public presentation. I recorded fiscal information utilizing ICT every bit suitably as possible. Directing and Managing was developed by negociating with others and act uponing the results of the company. By pull offing a complex set of undertakings in an unsure environment and directing persons, squads or undertakings to accomplish agreed marks. Furthermore, pull offing co-workers, concern advisers, stakeholders, clients and constructing effectual relationships. Leadership was a hard accomplishment to accomplish for me because at times it was required to draw the company together in times of crisis and some co-workers did n't understand why. Furthermore, I encouraged co-workers to accomplish their full potency in the manner they contributed to the company ‘s overall public presentation. Learning was a accomplishment which was achieved throughout this programme from understanding cardinal larning penchants by prosecuting it in much more effectual ways. Furthermore, I improved my ability to larn from everyday of this programme experience. I have besides placing personal acquisition solutions and demands. I believe that throughout this twelvemonth my communicating accomplishments, concern thoughts and protocols were developed and strengthened. My experience was gained in working in a squad based civilization. This was like in a concern administration which involved planning, committedness, administration and flexibleness to accomplish consequences. First I disbelieved about the faculty importance to my degree class and was non precisely fascinated approximately working as portion of a squad. However I was incorrectly after the first twosome of hebdomads I got to cognize my squad members much more. I frequently wonder if I had n't taken the faculty, I would hold passed the chance of meeting and doing five new strong friends. Some issues which I had were to lodge up for others whenever there was an statement traveling to organize as I thought it would be better to screen it out by speaking non reasoning. As I started to develop my power and accomplishment to publish clear and brief instructions in a considerate mode during meetings and understanding our concern I believed we could go a successful concern. Belbin ‘s theory indicates to me that I am a â€Å" company worker † who is socially oriented, instead than mild sensitive with the ability to react to people and in any given state of affairs. Maslow ‘s hierarchy needs is a theory in psychological science that states people in life. Maslow identified â€Å" A hierarchy needs as one degree becomes reasonably, or partially, pleased the net becomes stronger † [ 1 ] Everybody in the group I got to cognize better and felt more comfy in the supportive environment one time settled down. Team members without fright were motivated as one of the elements of SCHEINIS larning civilization provinces larning to back up squad work, there must be a shared belief that co-operation will be necessary that it will work and besides shared belief that all people can and will larn fiting McGregor ‘s theory. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] Our wise man we met was called ‘Malcolm ‘ he had a concern and one of our group members gave him a call and we arranged a meeting with him. We got the SWOT analysis and thoughts down on what we are looking into to go a concern. After a few more meetings we were told that our wise man could non see us any longer as his concern was at hazard. I set myself a personal end and it was to promote all squad members and take portion in puting ends. Harmonizing to Locke ( 1968 ) ends affect motive [ 1 ] . Challenging but accomplishable ends motivates † persons have basic demands or possible which, when displeased stimulates manners fixed towards fulfillment. I researched and studied as I was committed to larn and accomplishing high-quality Markss. â€Å" Specific ends motivates extra than ill-defined † known group roles as each group members had peculiar functions and responsibility. I developed my interpersonal and communicating accomplishments by e-mailing squad members over the Christmas vacations and complimenting them on the undertakings that all of had done before the vacations even though we had no wise man. Furthermore, we got an electronic mail sing us acquiring a new wise man from one of the Enterprise staff called ‘Andy ‘ . â€Å" Contribution in puting ends is appealing † each member of the group set an single end as to animate and remain on path. â€Å" Significant consequences of earlier period piece is important to motive † When Christmas passed we started to acquire our concern program ready for passing in on the 6th February 2010. We met with Andy and talked things through and what we have so far. It was noticed that we were really far behind through the faculty besides Andy tried to set up a new wise man for our group. If I was in control I would hold got the full group together and divided the parts that needed making together every bit. However as our group was in this meeting with Andy merely three of us were present, two were on their manner and 1 could n't do it. In this meeting the subdivisions were n't divided every bit and when asked who would wish to make certain parts some of the group members were n't at all interested. It eventually came to the decision that everyone had something to make except one member who had no undertaking but to assist other members get at that place undertakings done. Finally, the group held another meeting to inquire this member for aid to complete the undertakings off and manus in our concern study. We met our new wise man she was called ‘Debbie ‘ she helped us understand and cognize what was to be put into a concern study. Time was against us and we merely had less than a hebdomad left to complete the study. I feel one time once more that if the group was managed decently this would hold non happened at all. Luckily we got a hebdomad extension, even though this extension was set still some members were n't at all bothered. After passing in the study on the 15th February 2010 merely three members came to manus it in. Now we as a concern started to acquire prepared for the presentation. When speaking about presentations two of the members opted out. They did n't desire to show at all, I felt really angry and thought good this is what you have to accept in a concern. I experienced throughout this faculty the existent experiences and worst of being in a existent life concern. After practising and showing the presentation it was the twenty-four hours to show. The group and I were so amazed after presenting the presentation and besides we were able to answer to the whole inquiries from both the witnesss and the panel of Judgess. I felt our corporate attempt had paid away and was proud of our work. Our classs were given two hebdomads subsequently which was on the 17th March. I noticed that none of my squad members attended merely I did even though I was a few proceedingss tardily for the category. However, I was able to pick up the feedback. I gave the group a text message informing them of the consequences of past public presentations which motivated us all into making the following mission. Maslow theory encourages advice ; I learnt sing past success and can follow the manners once more. Plain rules of actions were received by all members of the group. When a member had a job, there was ever person to speak to and logic of togetherness ran throughout the group. First, the feeling was familiar, unagitated and this helped persons to province their sentiments without holding to concern about being judged by their members. Each member listened to each other and the struggle of thoughts was brought usefully into the unfastened. Decisions were normally reached by an understanding so that everybody or the bulk were pleased by the consequence. At this phase the group was more effectual and cohesive to a big extent. There was an of import growing in the behavior of persons and advancement. One issue which concerned us was when one member seemed to experience demoralized. This state of affairs was understood by the remainder of the group so it was discussed by hence deciding it sing that we had grown from a group of persons and into a group.In the close hereafterIt has been truly gratifying making this faculty as rather a batch of it was new. A batch of its qualities and utile accomplishments will be taken off from this faculty and class. As making this class it has given a strong base for the capableness to be able to work entirely. Furthermore, working as portion of a squad and besides holding gained superior contact accomplishments. After finishing this faculty I have become extremely motivated and have become a originative person. Furthermore, I am a gifted and active individual with necessary practical and theoretical formal cognition in Engineering. I am able to convey a record of teamwork and leading, and strong analytical accomplishments which will enable me to execute magnificently in the concern universe. I have refined my analytical, communicating and job resolution accomplishments both inside and outside the academic environment. My recent experience has taught me the importance of working with a item orientated attack and made me accustomed to bring forthing consequences while working under force per unit area. This faculty has helped fix me for interviews as the group presentation was 30 % of the faculty. Showing in forepart of audience and expecting designated inquiries. I will be utilizing this chance as a practise for a summer arrangement. From the group presentation I have gained, commercial consciousness, penetration of the field and self assurance. It helped in developing my accomplishments on package tools as I took the function of seting slides on PowerPoint. The construction and layout of presentation was formal accurate, elaborate and valuable. I surely could non hold done this wholly on my ain as an person. Boots The Chemist Company uses cross- functional squads to work on jobs stuck in the conventional administration. A endowment wins games, but teamwork and intelligence win title. The effectivity of squad work was surprising. I am more cognizant of consistence, truth meeting marks and deadlines in concern universe. I will wish to set all the accomplishments and cognition acquired into practise. When I complete my grade I am believing of traveling into the concern facet of telecommunication technology which is decidedly an option for me. I could work in gross revenues or in the selling sector. Am interested in making a postgraduate grade such as Masters in Business Administration ( MBA ) this will edify me more and I will hold the makings required. The work of ‘McMclland ‘s acquired need theory ( 1985 ) ‘ proposed that some of import demands are non inherited but are learned. Team work is the cardinal component to success in a concern universe. Overall the Young Enterprise graduates programme has enabled me to be a end orientated single. It has given me a clear vision of future aims, ability to listen and use effectual communicating accomplishments. It helped me as an technology pupil to develop positive attitudes and accomplishments necessary for personal success, practical accomplishments, employability and womb-to-tomb acquisition. It encouraged me as an person in deriving an understanding the potency of future employer besides sing self-employment and concern creative activity as possible future calling options. I am good at making invention solution to accomplish ends. There is a great trade of accent on ego directed acquisition in the faculty. This faculty has been a great experience as I have enjoyed the undertakings developed accomplishments for the universe of work.

Social Costs and Externalities of Indonesian Palm Oil

Indonesia is the leading producer and exporter of palm oil across the globe. Oil palm is of high economic status throughout Indonesia, Africa, and most of the East because of its abundance in the region, richness of nutritional and mineral components, and high yields of edible and technical oils. The extensive development of oil palm industries in many tropical countries is due to its extremely high potential productivity. The steady demand of the oil has existed for integration into processed oods, personal care products, and home-cooked meals.Correspondingly, with increased interest in substitution of fossil fuels, palm oil is being demanded for biofuel energy production. The issues with palm oil extraction are many; One including that the high demand from developed nations has lead to the push of cultivation into the rainforests, destroying habitat. Additionally, the production and extracting gives opportunities for small land-holders to participate in the cash economy, but often time big banks and companies acquire their land without notification or compensation. Migrant workers and imported laborers are said to legally conflict with extraction processes.Regardless, a large majority of the rural- poor, working class of Indonesia relies on income from palm oil production. With that, the entire population could be lifted out of poverty. The central obligation Indonesia holds is to lift their unemployed and impoverished majority from those circumstances and boost sustainable economic growth. Since the economy of the country is heavily dependent primarily of the agriculture, forestry and mining sectors, the opening up of forests and further extraction of their natural esources are the most reliable sources toward reaching their financial goals.In relation, externalities and social costs must be taken into account because local production, global markets, and climate change are ever connected in the race to seize reproductive function of renewable resources. Wit h that in mind, Indonesia is the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world as a result of their deforestation, peat land degradation, and forest fires for their expanding industry of palm oil extraction (Business Watch Indonesia, 2007).Meanwhile, Indonesia is a low-lying coastal area and is vulnerable to the climate ffects that they, in fact, are contributing their greenhouse gases to. Additionally, with Indonesia's longitudinal positioning on the equator, it is most susceptible to the sink dynamics resulting from climate change. However, because there is an influx of demand for palm oil for food and industrial consumption, Indonesia has Jumped onto the opportunity to expand their already leading production to meet demand and bring rise to each worker's GDP.Indonesia holds close to 50 percent of share-hold global production on palm oil and to keep up with their plans on extending the ountries production from 22 million tons to 40 million tons by 2020, they are using thi s opportunity to establish programs for promotion of biofuels (Buschmann, The Case of Indonesian Palm Oil, 2011). While rich countries put forth effort to specialize in environmentally friendly production and are implementing boundaries of sustainability in their own economies, they are attracted to productions that are environmentally harmful in developing regions.This shifts the environmental costs from importer to exporter and ultimately leads to unequal ecological exchange from ttempting to make the shift to renewable energy and meet the standards of the Kyoto and Montreal Protocols within their own boundaries. Wealthy nations are continuously working to cut emissions with increased awareness of global climate change. However, the Kyoto Protocol fails to commit those high producing developing nations to those same standards, (BWI, 2010). This is an issue in that rich nations emission reduction is based on their economic development and status.What such nations are not willing to assist in is the sustainable development and growth of the eveloping nations they are importing from through fair trade, technology transfer, and overall financial and technical assistance. Without respect to the natural capital or the environment, Indonesia is doing quite well in terms of progressing as an economically sustainable country. Palm oil and its global importance in the newer- found relation to biodiesel is a valuable asset in providing a brighter quality of life in regards to revenue for more than three million Indonesian workers and their families (Waltermann & Streubel, BWI, 2010).Commonsensically, more people working in a rowing biofuel-centered sector would lead to increasing incomes and overall economic achievement. In the case of Indonesian palm oil, there is a central assumption that represents complex, crisscrossing issues that encompass the different levels of action from a varying range of contributors with multiple interests. This means that although the loc al production is paying the native workers, local production, international trade, and global climate change are all interconnected.The directives put in place by developed economies look to reach a final level of renewable energy consumption. Palm oil is seen for its energetic, technically renewable â€Å"biofuel† use and can have a positive effect on economic growth for both palm oil producers as well as energy producers, at the expense of exploited natural resources and forest habitats. There are undoubtedly counterproductive consequences accompanying the demand for sustainable crude palm oil and the general switch from fossil fuels to â€Å"renewable† fuels.By converting national accounts to â€Å"green economies† (budgets with money for renewable energy allotted into them), there is an alleviation on the debate of translating environmental concerns into conomic variables, but only when applied to sustainable concepts. This is faulty because it rides on the idea that all forms of capital can substitute each other regardless of how the stock of the capital is composed. This means that well-off the while overextending a resources productive capacity (OECD, 2005) The concept of environmental Justice or â€Å"strong sustainability' has limitations on the previously noted substitution of capital.Because there are boundaries on forests' reproductive capacity, the continuity of economic systems are at risk. Most â€Å"westernized† overnments have reached the manufactured and natural capital equilibrium, where they have the ability to access both forms of the goods, and any rise in one will have an expense on the other. Forest products, and in this case palm oil from the Indonesian forests, are shown to have short-term economic gains by conversion of forest to agricultural use in the over-exploitation of the products. This typically leads to long-term loss in income and biological productivity.Also in the case of Indonesian palm oil an d forest loss, the production is exceeding the value of ready-for- production, mature sources. The graph below demonstrates the progression of palm oil production and how Indonesia was able to reliably supply roughly 57 percent of the annual increase with its vast land resources and a suitable climate. However, it is clear that production has extended beyond the mature supplies and gone into areas beyond suitability to reach demand from international markets and an increased interest by native small farm-holders to erect their own private plantations (USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2009).Social and external costs are largely associated with export and import rates, overnment investment and tax systems in the international market. One abrogating externality is the non-tariff trade barriers applied by developed importers. To assure some security when and if free trade is effective and ecological standards go down, these barriers work to restrict the exporters in the market when s upply cannot meet demand. On the other hand, for small farm-holders to establish their plantations, they must qualify for subsidizing credit provided by the Government of Indonesia and prioritize with other startup costs.Because of this possibility the palm oil roduction sector has experienced strong development and expansion across the country, with an average of 8-13% annual growth rates in palm areas over the last decade (USDA, 2009). The Indonesian government, over the past decade, has provided these loans to encourage smallholders' expansion, at rates below market interest. Alongside the enabling of non-commercial plantation ownership, the Government has advocated ownership with programs that provide smallholders with improved seed, fertilizers, and techniques for growth.Additionally, land-use permits ave been reevaluated to allot more time for companies to control profits earned by a plantation. These interventions have brought positive change in the market significantly; non- commercial palm oil farms now account for 44 percent of the total area in the country, second to private commercials (Foreign Agricultural Service, 2009). A major effect of these implementations is the establishment of processing plants. Because fresh fruit bunches require processing within 48 hours of harvest, oil refining plants have been constructed near major concentrations of harvest land.Construction and operation of each plant represents a significant fixed cost for the developer, and typically ends up servicing both commercial and smallholder palm producers that surround it† (Foreign Agricultural Service, 2009). The investment in in contributor in the success of Indonesia's palm oil business. At the expense of the environment's health, and with the push from changes in government economic and political policies, historical highs have been reached leading Indonesia to the number one spot in exporting and producing of palm oil.Nonetheless, without regard to its ommunal u se and benefits to the servicer, service emissions are still added to the atmosphere, more resources and forests are eliminated, reducing the amount of the fruit available for use by the farmers and ruining the habitat of accompanying wildlife. Further success rates in the palm oil sector I believe, at this point, rely on the clarification of one all-encompassing issue. That is, whether or not ecological economies can lead to different assessments of how economic growth, open trade, and the environment can be positively or negatively associated.Investors and roducers have optimistic expectations of improving their economies despite being built on the depletion of a natural capital and possibly misleading those civilians toward a downward trend.

Early Childhood Curriculum Essay

In Early Childhood Education you use philosophies to help you succeed. You also make sure that you look into the NAEYC position and standards to make sure you are running a classroom that is within the standards. These are two critical factors in an Early Childhood classroom and you have to know how to implement them in your teaching. John Dewey was an American educator and philosopher. He helped develop the idea of pragmatism. He felt that children should explore and discover. â€Å"Dewey and other progressive followers suggested a curriculum for young children that focused on the situation and challenges that children faced as members of a democratic society† (Eliason & Jenkins pg. 5). Maria Montessori is best known for her teaching method that has her name the Montessori Method. She believed that the scenes were the source of intellectual growth and development. â€Å"She emphasized the importance of the schools and families working together† (Eliason & Jenkins pg. 5). Jean Piaget is known well for his cognitive development theory. â€Å" Programs that incorporate Piagentian theory emphasizes that children learn through experimentation and initiative and construct their own knowledge and understanding through adaptation o the environment† ( Eliason & Jenkins pg. 5). There are many different ways to teach. Some of the goals of teaching are: â€Å"1. understanding the nature of development and learning. 2. Know what to teach, how to teach, and know how to access what children have learned. 3. Create a caring and responsive learning environment. 4. Establish positive mutual relationships of trust and respect with families 5. Pursue professional training and knowledge. 6. Treat every child with respect, dignity, and positive regard† (Eliason & Jenkins pg. 13). â€Å"The NAEYC is dedicated to improving the well-being of all young children, with the focus on quality of educational services for all children birth to age eight† (NAEYC. ORG). NAEYC position statements are their position to issues related to early childhood education. Some of the issues are: anti-discrimination, code of ethics, developmentally appropriate practice and early childhood curriculum, assessment, and program evaluation. â€Å"Naeyc’s first commitment is to the rights and interest to all children† (NAEYC. ORG). They believe that one should be hired on their competence and qualifications to perform their designated duties and that it should not be based on gender, race, national origin, religious beliefs, age, marital status, disabilities, or sexual orientation. The NAEYC code of ethics â€Å"offers guidelines for responsible behaviors and set fourth a common bias for resolving the principal ethical dilemmas encountered during early childhood care and education† (NAEYC. ORG). It also does not allow educators, doctors, and nurses to deny services to children. The developmentally appropriate practice is to â€Å"to promote excellence in early childhood education by providing a framework for best practices† (NAEYC. ORG). It promotes quality of care and education. The NAEYC â€Å" constructs comprehensive systems of curriculum, assessment, and program evaluation guided by sound early childhood practices, effective early learning standards and program standards are a set of core principles and values, belief in civic and democratic values† ( NAEYC. ORG). They make sure that children are active, and engaged curriculum goals are shared by all and that curriculum is evidence based. â€Å"Early childhood classrooms should communities of inquiry, problem posing, and problem solving, where children perceive that in math lessons they are expected to offer their thoughts about questions posed and to find resolution to these problems† (Eliason & Jenkins pg. 319). Teachers need to incorporate problem solving and math in the curriculum to do this teachers must avoid gender bias regarding math. They should recognize different opportunities during the day to teach math and also to make sure that early math is concrete and manipulative. † The focus in early childhood is in understanding numbers and the number system and understanding operations specifically addition and subtraction† (Eliason & Jenkins pg. 323). Children are counting all their life. They learn by playing different games or things such as climbing stairs. Repetion helps the child to memorize the sequence and sounds of numbers. When you are doing songs or finger play the children are learning their numbers and the correct order they should be in. â€Å"The basis of a high quality program in early childhood is promoting feelings or self esteem and dignity in each child† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 143). Teachers have to help the children build their self esteem. Some ways to help strengthen a child’s self esteem would be to make sure you are honest, sincere, and consistent in expressing feelings. Teachers should make sure they value the children’s work and effort. If a child has a problem you can help in anyway that you can. Violence is not good for young children. â€Å" Violence results in children believing that there is no safe place, that their protectors can no longer protect them â€Å" ( Eliason & Jenkins pg. 149).â€Å"This can influence their  emotional development. â€Å"Stress develops when we can not cope with either external or internal demands† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 148). Some external sources of stress would be hunger, pain, illness, fatigue, shyness, and emotions. External stress would be divorce, family separation, hospitalization, and death. Teachers can help children deal with stress in many ways such as: encourage the child, praise the child, ect. â€Å"Development in cognitive language and literacy allows young children to construct meaning and build understanding† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 189). Teachers should make language and literacy development in all curriculum. â€Å"Literacy development begins in the very early stages of childhood, even though the activities of young children may not seem related to reading and writing† (Johnson, D. ). When you are helping your children with their literacy development you need to help to encourage them. Some ways to help encourage them would be: To provide many opportunities for talking, make sure you listen, ask the children questions, make sure they are in a comfortable relaxed atmosphere, and recognize and help correct if the child use grammatical errors. Sharing stories and poetry are good activities to help support language development. â€Å"The primary factors influencing the development of language appear to be 1) The child’s innate ability to learn language,2) The quality of the model or the early stimulation and variety provided by the model. 3) The ability of the caregiver to expand or extend the Childs language† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 204). â€Å"Children’s development in semantics, or the meanings of words, is directly related to the experience and interactions that they have† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 193). If a child hears a word they have never heard before they will not be able to use it, but they can use sentences they have never heard before. Books help expand their language meanings and vocabulary. â€Å" It is very important that adults constantly share, converse, extend, exchange language, and provide labels for words as children have experiences at zoos, grocery store, park, school, home, in the car, in the classroom, or in any setting† ( Eialson & Jenkins pg. 193). Children tend to learn to read different signs that they see constantly over and over even before they can actually read. These signs include ones such as stop signs, McDonalds, burger king, ect. â€Å"Syntax is the set of rules for creating or understanding a sentence† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 193). When children first begin to use words there is no evidence of syntax but as the child turns four you can start to here this with the children. The children learn to imitate sentences when they are first learning and this is how they learn syntax. You can also help the child learn by expanding what the child says till they learn to add this in themselves. As teachers we need to make sure that we speak ton every child using correct grammar. â€Å"As children grow, they gain increased facility with syntactic structure, leading us to believe that maturation is a variable in syntax growth† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 194). â€Å" Through music and movement young children express themselves, explore space, develop language and communication skills, increase sensory awareness, and express themselves through rhythm, gesture, time, and space† ( Eliason & Jenkins pg. 353). Adding music to your curriculum is important because it helps children learn about different cultures as well as about their own culture. Through music they express their emotions and it helps them release their feelings. Depending on what music you are listening to it can either calm, or help soothe troubled feelings. It can help the children enhance their self worth. Music also helps with children’s listening skills, attention span, and their memory. Language and language concepts can also be developed through music. â€Å"Research supports the notion of the physical and psychological advantages of music on the body and mind† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 354). â€Å"Young children have a natural curiosity about the world, and this is where science education should begin† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 237). Science should be taught as hands on learning, it should be a natural part of the everyday curriculum. â€Å"Language and literacy development are strongly supported when science activities are included throughout the curriculum† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 239). Science is taught through observing, manipulating, problem solving, and engaging with science activities. They learn to classify, compare, define, measure, listen, ect. When they are learning science. Early childhood education is a very critical time in a young person’s life. This age has a big influence on their learning for the rest of their lives. The government developed The No Child Left behind Act to make sure that all children have an equal opportunity to a good quality education. The government designed grants to help all children succeed. The Special Education Preschool Grant â€Å" provides formula grants to states to make available special educated and related services to three to five year  old children with disabilities† ( ED. GOV). They also have grants to help with high poverty communities to help improve their knowledge and skills. â€Å"Currently American schools and early childhood programs focus on standards-based education† (Eialson & Jenkins pg. 17). Some of the qualities o0f effective childhood teachers are: Caring, enthusiastic, flexible, and creative. Early childhood teachers must be willing to be patient and help these children learn so that the children will be ready for their future. Philosophies are an essential part of early childhood curriculum. They help the teachers to help the children to learn in different ways. The NAEYC standards are implemented to help teachers understand what the proper way they should teach the children. They help the teacher set up their classroom and understand the way the children should be taught. â€Å" Early childhood educators must strive to be learners who are willing to continually study, grow, and change to think and solve problems† ( Eialson & Jenkins pg. 19).

An investigation into service quality and satisfaction level in 4 star Essay

An investigation into service quality and satisfaction level in 4 star UK hotel industry - Essay Example Hotels are an important part of the tourism industry and with the trend to globalization, there have been an increasing number of hotels cropping up, offering a wide range of facilities to customers. Four and Five star hotels cater to the affluent public as well as members of the business community and stand out from the other hotels in that they are associated with quality products and superior levels of services. This is why customers are also prepared to pay higher rates at such hotels, on the basis of brand recognition and expectations of a superior level of service. Within the UK, the hospitality industry is highly competitive and service levels are a vital factor in ensuring a steady supply of customers to enhance productivity of these hotels. Travel and tourism are booming today and several studies have already been carried out on the levels of passenger and hotel resident satisfaction across the globe. The impact of services and facilities available at hotels and their impact upon tourist satisfaction have also been assessed in other studies; however the number of studies that have examined the impact of these services in terms of customer perception specifically at four star hotels in the UK are fewer. This study could therefore help to provide more insight into this area and add to the pool of existing research. Hotels play an important role in tourism business [Medik and Ingram, 2000], since they serve as a venue for the conducting of important business transactions as well as tourist and holiday destinations, providing an area where monies are spent. The quality of the accommodation offered at the hotels plays a vital role in their selection by people who use them [Cooper et al, 1996]. ]. In the atmosphere of fierce global competition that exists in today’s world, adopting the best practices in respect to the management and execution of business has assumed importance in terms of enhancing productivity

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Case study - Assignment Example Thus, it was crucial for the author to reveal the main tools that enabled this achievement for Tim Hortons. 3/ The most important kinds of information in this case concern the history of company’s development. At the very beginning, Tim Horton opened his coffee and doughnut shop in order to gain income in the off-season. Then, this business attracted Ron Joyce, who became the owner of Tim Hortons after the previous owner’s death. Furthermore, the company became the property of American fast-food chain, Wendy’s. Nevertheless, the ability of Tim Hortons to create an attractive national Canadian brand evoked the willingness to make ownership again Canadian. 4/ The main inferences (and conclusions) in this case are about the key achievements of corporate management throughout the history of Tim Hortons. In particular, the company managed to â€Å"sell itself not only as a destination, but also a part of typically Canadian experiences outside its doors.† In other words, Tim Hortons is an example of the company that pays attention to the national component within its brand. By creating a certain type of popular culture between the Canadians, it gained popularity in different dimensions of its activity, both in outdoor and indoor segments. Thus, corporate overall strategy reveals its effectiveness in Canadian business environment. 5/ The key concepts we need to understand in the case are market share, best-managed and influential brand, organization’s positioning, organizational goal, and company’s overall strategy. In fact, all these concepts are deeply interconnected in the case of Tim Hortons. In particular, the market share is the amount of market the company owns. In this context, the growing amount of market share, or â€Å"gradual expansion into adjacent areas,† is the definition of this company’s overall strategy. Then, case discusses in detail the attractive traits of

The Propensity for the Success of a Career in Finance as a Business Statistics Project

The Propensity for the Success of a Career in Finance as a Business Leader - Statistics Project Example I derived much learning from my internship experiences. At that time, I was just in my late teens but felt so grown-up in the positions I held. As an assistant, I was given a good view of how things are done in work settings and watch my mentors implement their duties and responsibilities. I also feel honoured that I was trusted by the people I worked with even if I was much younger than they are. One time, a teller was fretting over her balance at the end of the day. She kept counting the money and found out she was short of a hundred pounds! She tried her best to re-trace all the clients whom she transacted with. She spoke out loud enough that I can hear her from a where I was sitting. I was not even aware that my mind was keeping track of the numbers she was saying. She was getting so confused with all the numbers and was at the verge of tears. I approached her and listed down all the transactions she said she made and saw two fifty pound withdrawals from separate clients that she forgot to compute in her balance. Those two transactions were the missing links in her balance sheet. When she realized that, she gave me a big hug out of gratitude and I felt so good at being able to help out. Another teller commended me for my knack for details and said I’d make a great finance analyst someday. Another employee was amazed at how good I was able to keep track of numbers because it was a long day and they had so many clients that day! This incident made me realize that my natural talent for math is an asset that I need to cultivate seeing how it is so helpful to others.

A critical theoretical and visual analysis of my experience of work Essay - 1

A critical theoretical and visual analysis of my experience of work - Essay Example The following images represent my expreinces at work during an internship. With the help of these images and relevant theories, I will carry out an anlaysis into my experience at work to help explain how people and their behaviours have an effect on the workplace and the organization in general. Source: www.cel.sfsu.edu Conflict (Emotions at work) Any setup with more than one person, whether work or any other, is bound to see a difference of opinion that in the end results into conflict. Both Classical and non classical theorists looked at conflict as one aspect that must be totally avoided because it brings with it imbalance. Contingency theorists on the other hand look at it as inevitable but one that can be properly managed (Miner, 2001). While working as an intern at a research firm, I came face to face with conflict within an organization when there was lack of a clear chain of command in my department and had to take orders from two different people who were equals in the manag erial hierarchy. As an intern, I was charged with the task of data capture and preliminary analysis, a task that required guidance and proper directions from my seniors at the department. Often, I would receive conflicting instructions from the two seniors and this left me not only confused, but also demoralized as it became very difficult to know what the right thing was. As a remedy, I resorted to making references to the organization’s operations manual for guidance and making rational judgments in cases where proper procedures were not provided in the operations manual (Bernhard & Glantz, 1992). Contingency theory therefore came in handy in this situation and a reference to studies by Chandler that involved about four major American corporations made a lot of difference. According to Chandler, managers can only be effective if they have the ability to swiftly adapt to changes in their respective environments. He also explained that an organization must be rational, chrono logical and linear in its actions to be in sync with changes in the environment (Griffin & Moorehead, 2012). I therefore borrowed from this theory and looked as myself as a manager, analyzed my situation and made a decision to draw my references to the operations manual in situations where the instructions from my two managers were in conflict. This decision was informed by my desire to be efficient while keeping a good relationship with my seniors. I was certain that should any discrepancy appear in my line of responsibility, either of the two managers would most likely not take responsibility and would find it comfortable to leave the blame on me. In case such a situation arose, I would clearly find refuge in the operations manual and use that as my defense. An organization should work towards minimizing conflicts by having a clear organization structure that ensures every employee is accountable for both their time and decisions, the roles and responsibilities should not cross to avoid blames and lay emphasis in personal responsibility by managers (White & Bednar, 1991). As Chandler puts it, operations and decision processes should be linear, sequential and chronological to minimize the possibility of conflict. Receiving instructions from two mangers at the same managerial level, like was in my case during internship, was a definite recipe for conflict. Source: liferesolutionsaustralia.files.wordpress.com Groups and Teams The success of an organization is entirely

Different Christian Views Surrounding Euthanasia Essay

Different Christian Views Surrounding Euthanasia - Essay Example Non-voluntary euthanasia occurs when it is performed without the patient’s consent or when someone else gives the consent. Involuntary euthanasia is to put patients to death and involves infants born with defects or the elderly people. The principle behind this sort of death is that ‘they have a life not worthy of life’, which was devised during the Nazi Regime in Germany when the state authorized the killing of the aged, mentally ill, and the handicapped. The definitions of euthanasia vary and this itself leads to controversy. Hemel (2005) quotes the Webster defining euthanasia as "the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy." The American Heritage College Dictionary, plainly states that euthanasia is "the act culture practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness or an incurable condition." There is no mention of mercy here at all. The definitions of euthanasia has inherent problems. Some religious ethicists believe that passive euthanasia should not be included under the umbrella at all because according to Catholic moral teachings, "unless the actual intent to end a persons life is present, euthanasia has not occurred†. Some other religious groups are of the opinion that the definition of euthanasia should be governed not by the underlying intent but by the en d result of the action. The Christian response to euthanasia is to oppose it. Simply put, it amounts to killing. In legal terms, it is ‘the intentional killing of a patient as part of his or her medical treatment.’ (Cornwall-Kelly). Mercy killing has been debated over by many religious heads and has to be addressed seriously because it is a matter of life and death. Fr. Frank A. Pavone (Priests for Life) is of the firm conviction that suffering

Russia's Most Important Economic Sectors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Russia's Most Important Economic Sectors - Essay Example Shortly after liberty, the new Russian government announced a much more determined program of political and economic reformation. The agenda included an alteration of the financial system from the values of state planning which is the basic and administrative direction to the well agreed market-based economics. As result â€Å"The economic decline bottomed out in mid-2009 and the economy began to grow in the third quarter of 2009† (Economy – Overview n.d.). On the other side, Russia’s financial growth was still focused mainly in a few sectors. The advantages of growth were not widely dispersed throughout the society. Over one-third of the people of the Russian Federation sustained to live below the poverty line. According to some study it is very clear that Russia’s long term challenges are inadequate workplace, corruption, complexity in accessing capital for smaller – non energy companies, and deprived infrastructure in need of huge investments. Ru ssia ranks ninth as the largest economy of the world: it contributes to the sixth place by purchasing power. The country has abundance of the petroleum, oil and natural gas. The country is also the store house of rare and precious metals. Despite the setbacks faced by the other countries in the erstwhile Soviet Union, Russia managed to be in a good position in the world’s economy. The main sectors of the Russian economy are energy, natural resources, agriculture, industry and manufacturing. Energy Sector: One error of the energy business is its construction, which is subjected by government-backed monopoly and distinguished by inequity next to private businesses, small family operators and global players. State-owned company such as Gazprom or Rosneft, as well as several confidential companies with close links to the supporting leadership such as Gennady Timchenko’s Novatek, has privileged admission to licences, upstream assets, tax exception etc. Foreign investors are able to function in Russia only if they set up good functioning relationships with member of the controlling clans. The quickest way to be honored projects and contract in Russia is to present those clans stake in reputable international companies. The energy sector also endures from poor value of administration. Since the rein of Vladimir Putin and his associates to power in 2000, activities to important positions in the Russian establishment, as well as the energy industry, have been made according to certain criterion: individual loyalty and the capability to manage cash flows Natural Resources Including Coal, Gas, Oil, Timber and Metals Sectors: Russia may contain as much as 35% of the world's supply of natural gas. It has proven reserves nearly twice that of Iran, the number two spot holder. Its reserves of oil are debated, but the US Geologic Survey estimates that they may be as high as 25% of the world's oil. The US Department of Energy states: "Russia is also the world's la rgest exporter of natural gas, the second largest oil exporter, and the third largest energy consumer" (Russian Resources 2010). The vast gas, oil, coal, and timber raw materials of Siberia and the Russian Far East create Russia rich in mineral deposits. On the other hand, most such resources are positioned in remote and climatically adverse

Islamic and Western Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Islamic and Western Civilizations - Essay Example However, there is a section of the academic community that has opposed the clash theory from the start and continues to attack it as having proceeded on the wrong premise. This paper assessed the rationale and validity of Huntington's thesis and evaluated the logic of the arguments lined up by critics against it. The new world order seen by Huntington (1996) after the Cold War, in which the bloodiest clashes will occur between Islam and the West, is actually prefigured by events in early history that included the European forays of Islamic forces in Europe. Troops carrying the Islamic flag supposedly attacked the Ottoman Turks in Vienna and parts of Eastern Europe and conquered but were later repulsed from Iberia. In effect, there had always been an ideological conflict between Islam and Christianity, on which Western civilization is based, because of the universal belief that one's religion is always better than the others. For this reason, followers of one religion seek to convert others and this becomes the source of conflicts. Huntington in his book Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order indicated that through the years, as Western countries prospered and outpaced other regions that practice non-Christian religions, the concept of universalism acquired more than religious meaning in the West, which began to believe that all civilizations should adopt Western values. This is perceived to be the underlying reason behind the US invasion of Iraq and its continued presence in that Muslim country. This becomes a source of great resentment for Muslims, especially the Islamic fundamentalists. All these historical and modern factors combined have led and would farther lead to bloody clashes between the Islamic and Western civilizations. Among the more recent expressions of such anti-Western resentment were 9/11, the Afghanistan-Iraq conflict, and the Israeli-Hizbollah-Lebanese wars in 2006. Fault Line Wars In Huntington's view, conflicts between different civilizations manifest itself in two forms - fault line conflicts and core state conflicts. Fault line conflicts are those that occur between neighboring states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civiliz

European-English language Essay Example for Free

European-English language Essay As Ammon Ulrich puts it, the English language is the most hospitable languages in the world because of its character for being open to other languages (2002). The English language accepts words and expressions from other languages. It even borrows the native words and expressions of some countries. Such hospitability of the English language can be proved by appealing to the etymologies found in some English terms (Algeo Pyles 2004). Yet, he argued that such hospitability does not entail humbleness. In fact, he argued that the English language has started to dominate the world by making the world accustomed to use and speak the English language (Ammon 2002). The sixteenth, seventeenth and the eighteenth century signaled the rise of the English language in Europe (Anderman Rogers 2005). These periods marked the impeccable influence of the English language in the European civilizations. Because of trades and shipping businesses, it was said that Europe had increasingly exposed themselves on the English language (Phillipson 2003). The nineteenth century made almost all of the European languages to have distinct affinity with the English language likewise the European languages include vocabularies and terms that were derived from the English language (Anderman Rogers 2005). In the twentieth century, England took a very significant role in expanding the influence of the English language in the whole European region. Because of cultural relations, economic transactions, and global communications, English had truly penetrated Europe. There was this mixed European and English language – combination of structures, terms, expressions and styles of the two languages (Anderman Rogers 2005). Nonetheless, in this period, English does not have any special place in European countries. It is not even regarded as an official language by other European countries (Phillipson 2003). Though there are some countries which used English as their native language. There are countries in Europe which are opposed with the idea of translating files and documents from their native language into English (Ammon 2002). Bilingualism is allowed in the European region (Phillipson 2003). However; European countries do not think that making the English language as their official language would make significant change for them. As a result, they refuse to consider translations of newspapers, official documents and declarations into the English language. There are separate editions and issues of magazines that are printed and published in English (Ammon 2002). According to the European Union, though the English language has truly proven its importance in international business and communication, it does not necessarily mean that they would ardently adopt it (Anderman Rogers 2005). What happened is that, European countries, together with their cultures, reconstructed the English language with their own native language. For example, the combination of French and English is called Franglais. The combination of German and English is Denglish, Spanish and English is Spanglish, Dutch and English is Nederengels (Anderman Rogers 2005). Besides this reconstruction or the mixing of European languages and the English language, the European Union announces that although the English language is key factor in business communication, local cultures and communication should be first considered. Consequently, English is only regarded as an ordinary language used and spoken by the people in Europe (Stavans 2002). Crawford’s â€Å"Heritage Languages in America: Tapping a ‘Hidden’ Resource† English Language is known as the official language of America (Crawford 1999). All the states of America use and speak of it. There is no such thing as native language except for the fact that America has been inhibited by many other people with different nationalities and cultures (Cheshire 2007). It is tagged as the melting pot of the world. For this reason, it is undeniable that every attempt to come near it would mean exposing oneself from the very influential power of the American culture including the use of the English language (Crawford 1999). According to James Crawford, it is inevitable that the world would bend over the English language (1999). Evidently, one cannot survive in the international scene without knowing how to speak and understand English. As repeatedly mentioned in this paper, international communication requires the English language (Crystal 2003). He stressed in his arguments his contention to those countries which try to establish an anti-bilingual campaign (Crawford 1999). It is to be noted that there are really bills and laws that are currently against the use of English as a second language. He saw no logical reason for pushing such campaign. American people honor and recognize the role of the English language. They see how it significantly affects their lives and the world. No matter how the English language is differently used and spoken by different countries in the world, no doubt that it pushes the world to take big leaps with regards to technological, scientific, political and mostly economic advancements. English language-policy system in America is geared towards the unification of native tribes and groups with the whole of America (Johnson, 2000). It does not really undermine or debilitate native languages. It serves as the key weapon in improving the lives of the people, and making them realize that the world is really moving towards modernization and globalization. There is no way that the English language would not affect the international relations of the world (Cheshire 2007). However, according to James Crawford, it does not imply that other languages would be thrown out of the picture. He insisted that native languages should be tied up with the native languages so as to preserve the culture and heritage of particular regions and groups in America while making efforts to advance the quality of life they have (Crawford 1999). Conclusion The English Language cannot really own by one nation. In fact it is not exclusively owned by any one. It is a freelancer language which tends to be accessible to all that needs a common medium for particular and specific purpose. The research studies presented in this paper proves that the English language has really penetrated the international scene – leaving either good or bad effects. More so, its evolution took place in the midst of criticisms and oppositions against it. China, Japan, Europe and America admitted that the English language significantly takes part in every transformation of the world. It is a very dynamic language which allows the assimilation and inclusion of almost every other languages and culture. Bilingualism may be seen as problem or threat for others. Nonetheless, bilingualism opens the door for better communication. References: Algeo, J. , Pyles, T 2004, The Origins and Development of the English Language (5th ed. ), Heinle. Ammon, U 2002, English As An Academic Language In Europe: A Survey Of Its Use In Teachin,. Peter Lang Publishing. Anderman, G. M. , Rogers, M 2005, In And Out Of English: For Better, For Worse? (Translating Europe, Multilingual Matters Limited. Brownell, J. A1967, Japans second language;: A critical study of the English language program in the Japanese secondary schools in the 1960s, National Council of Teachers of English. Burchfield, R 2003, The English Language,. Oxford University Press. Burnley, D 2000, The History of the English Language: A Source Book (2nd ed. ), Longman. Cheshire, J 2007, English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press. Cheshire, Jenny 1991, Introduction: sociolinguistics and English around the world, In Cheshire: 1-12. Crane, M 2004, English as a Second Language, Grand Central Publishing . Crawford, J 1999, Heritage Languages in America Retrieved July 2007, 2007 from http://ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/HL. htm Crystal, D 2003, English as a Global Language (2nd ed. ), Cambridge University Press. Fennell, B. A 2001, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approac,. Blackwell Publishing Limited. Gorlach, M. 1991, Studies in Varieties of English around the World, 1984-1988, Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Graddol, D 1996. The History of the English Language (First ed. ), Routledge. Hamers, Josiane F. Blanc, Michel H. A 1989, Bilinguality and Bilingualism, Cambridge: CUP. Johnson, F. L 2000, Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States, Sage Publications, Inc . Kachru, B. B 1992, The Other Tongue: ENGLISH ACROSS CULTURES (2nd ed. ), University of Illinois Press. Kahcru, Braj B 1986, â€Å"The power and politics of English†. In World Englishes, Vol. 5, No. 2/3: 121-140. Liu, J 2007, English Language Teaching in China: New Approaches, Perspectives and Standard, Continuum International Publishing Group. Marciamo 2005, Japan more accommodating to English speakers than to speakers of other languages, Retrieved July 28, 2007 from Japan Reference: http://www. jref. com/language/english_friendly_japan. shtml McMillan, R. R 1999, English as the Second Official Language in Japan? Retrieved July 28, 2007, from Garden City Life: http://www.antonnews. com/gardencitylife/1999/12/17/opinion/ Pennycook, Alastair 1994, The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language, Harlow: Longman Group Ltd. Phillipson, R 2003, English-Only Europe? : Challenging Language Policy (First ed. ), Routledge. Porcaro, J. W 2002, â€Å"Translating literature and learning culture. (teaching English as a foreign language in Japan†, Academic Exchange Quarterly , 6 (4), p. 113. Ross, H. A 1993 China Learns English: Language Teaching and Social Change in the People`s Republic, Yale University Press. Saito, T. , Nakamura, J. , Yamazaki, S 2002, English Corpus Linguistics in Japan, Rodopi. Shaobin, J 2002, English as a Global Language in Chin,. Retrieved July 27, 2007, from ELT Newsletter: http://www. eltnewsletter. com/back/May2002/art992002. htm Stanlaw, J 2005, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact (Bilingual ed. ), Hong Kong University Press. Stavans, I 2002, On Borrowed Words: A Memoir of Language, Penguin Non-classics. Weixing, G 2003, The Origin of English Language Teaching in Chinas School, Monash Asia Institute.

Concealed Carry Arguement Essay Example for Free

Concealed Carry Arguement Essay Carry Citizens of Illinois, is it so wrong to carry a concealed weapon for personal protection? There are multiple citizens of the United States believe that it is their constitutional right to carry. Statistics show that the crime rates have dropped in states with concealed carry and the death rates have not really grown. There are multiple figures of authority that are for and then there are those that still believe that concealed carry is unhealthy for a community. I for one am for the concealed carry laws in the state of Illinois. There are many Citizens of the state and other states that agree with me and the numerous law makers that concealed carry in Illinois is a constitutional right passed down from our fore fathers. One Illinois citizen in particular, Mrs. Sue Darnall, teaches a gun safety class in Bloomington, IL. Her students upon passing the course are eligible to apply for a Florida concealed carry permit that is valid in 32 other states, excluding Illinois. Mrs. Darnall says You have to answer the question: do I have it in me to take someone elses life? We dont know. We can train for that possibility but we never know until we have the experience. Firearms should always be considered a tool of last resort, she is an advocate for the concealed carry law in Illinois [Brady]. There are multiple lawmakers in the state of Illinois that are for concealed carry and yet there are equally as many that disagree and believe that it is a bad idea. We look kind of silly being the only state not to have it. It works very well, the 49 other states prove it every day, said state Rep. Donald Moffitt, R-Galesburg. Under the legislation, anyone 21 years of age or older who has a Firearm Owners Identification Card would be eligible to apply for a concealed carry permit. Rep. Brandon Phelps, D-Harrisburg, the sponsor, estimated the permit would cost around $100. Phelps pointed to Wisconsin, which passed a concealed carry law last summer. They sold 67,000 permits the first week, Phelps said [Ehley]. Phelps also says, â€Å"Right now were at the mercy of criminals [Brady]. Yet there are still law makers such as, Governor Pat Quinn, who says, â€Å"The concept of concealed, loaded handguns in possession of private citizens does not enhance public safety, on the contrary, it increases danger for everyday people [Ehley]. † Each side in the intense debate has its own interpretation of what the framers of the Constitution meant when they penned the Second Amendment. The right of citizens to keep and bear arms is the bedrock upon which concealed carry support has been built across the country. Its a constitutional guarantee. I think people should have the right to protect themselves because law enforcement is not equipped to totally protect them. The only people carrying guns now are cops and crooks, said Madison County Sheriff Robert Hertz, president of Illinois Sheriffs Association that in 2009 dropped its neutral position and approved a resolution endorsing concealed carry [Brady]. The arguments are endless on the topic, whether it is a constitutional right or not. Some people say it is because we should be able to carry when and where we feel that we are in danger and need the extra personal protection. Looking at states such as Missouri where the city of St. Louis was voted the most dangerous city in America, the crimes against individuals has slowed and dropped in numbers since the passing of concealed carry there. Now if a criminal is uncertain that you have a gun or not, it makes him less likely to attack. Not forgetting to mention if criminals are already breaking these laws and carrying, what makes it so difficult to make it legal for others to â€Å"pack heat? † I personally believe that if a law was passed for concealed carry the crime rates would drop in the state of Illinois. The current votes against concealed carry on based on the majority of ruling over Chicago. What about the southern part of the state, we have crime too. 90% of Illinois state laws are passed because of the happenings in Chicago. If a law were to be passed I believe that a registration and screening process would and should be put in place to weed out â€Å"unfit† candidates. The Illinois laws already state that felons cannot posses firearms, cannot purchase ammunition, and aren’t eligible to receive a F. O. I. D card. We could even be like the state of Wisconsin who just passed a carrying law; theirs is not concealed but open carry. Illinois is the only state in the entire union that doesn’t have a legal concealed carry law. There are multiple precautions that could be taken to prevent increased crime. In example, there are states that have local ordinances that make it illegal to carry a concealed weapon around such as Washington D. C. made it illegal to carry a handgun around, the rest of the state has a concealed carry law. I say in conclusion I believe that concealed carry is a smart and safe bet, besides it is a constitutional right to carry. â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Is Use Of Language Restricted To Humans English Language Essay

Is Use Of Language Restricted To Humans English Language Essay Chomsky (1968) claimed that language in specific to humans as only humans possess a language acquisition device to acquire language the universal grammar. It is a hard matter to define what language really is. According to the layman definition by Cambridge University Press (2008), language is a system of communication that consists of sounds, words and grammar. In the past literature, there have been claims that non-human primates like chimpanzees and bonobos are capable of comprehending human language (Benson et al., 2002; Brakke and Savagerumbaugh, 1995). However it is doubtful whether comprehension constitutes a comprehensive use of language. In this essay, we would discuss whether non-human animals are capable of commanding the comprehensive use of language by critically evaluating whether they show some of the design-features of human spoken language in their speech documented in Hockett (1960) and whether they are able to acquire syntax and morphology (Laidrem, 2008). The first design-feature is the vocal-auditory channel, where communication occurs whenever the producer speaks and the receiver hears (Harley, 2001). There are communication systems using other channels, for instance gestures, bee dancing (De Marco, Gurevitz and Menzel, 2008) or the courtship ritual of sticklebacks. Having a vocal-auditory channel enables primates to free up much of their bodies to carry out activities other than communicating language simultaneously. Primate calls and the singing of a western meadowlark possess this design-feature. The second one is arbitrariness, where abstract symbols do not necessarily resemble what they stand for, for instance salt may neither mean salty nor granular (Hockett, 1960; Harley, 2001), except a few onomatopoeic exceptions. It has a shortcoming of being arbitrary, but advantageous in the way that what can be communicated about is limitless. In a semantic communicative system, ties between meaningful message-elements and their meanings can either be arbitrary or non-arbitrary (e.g. salt would mean salt instead of sugar or pepper) there are relatively fixed associations between elements in messages, like words, and recurrent features of our world. The western meadowlark song holds semantic arbitrariness whereas gibbon calls hold a general arbitrariness design-feature. The third one is discreteness, where vocabulary comprises of discrete units and contrasts with the use of sound effects by the vocal gestural way (Harley, 2001). Human vocal organs produce an array of sounds, but in all languages only a relatively small set of ranges of sound is sound, and differences between these ranges are functionally absolute, e.g. pin and bin are different to the ear only at one point. The hearer can either compensate based on context, or fails to understand. However, in some systems there may be effectively continuous scale of degrees to which one may raise his voice as in anger or lower it to signal confidentiality bee-dancing is continuous rather than discrete. Grylliade (e.g. crickets) and tettigoniidae (e.g. bush-crickets) and primate calls carry discreteness. There are a dozen or so distinct gibbon calls, each appropriate vocal response, or vocal part of the whole response, to a recurrent and biologically important type of situation, for instance discove ry of food, detection of predator, etc. The fourth one displacement design-feature is very evident in humans, where we are able to talk about things remote spatially and temporally from where the conversation begins. It seems lacking in vocal signaling of primates, however it does occur in bee-dancing bee dances convey information about how far the food source is (De Marco, Gurevitz and Menzel, 2008). A parrot is unable to demonstrate displacement (Pepperberg, 1987). Monkeys are also limited to chattering and squeaking about immediate threats like snakes in the grass and eagles overhead (Muncer, Malone and Ettlinger, 1982), therefore they also fail the displacement criterion. Concerning traditional transmission design-feature, it refers to the fact language can be taught and learned. In humans, imitation and teaching occur together smoothly. A chimpanzee mother could not teach her infant anything because, although the infant watches her problem-solving skills intentionally, she never returns the infants observation. Similarly, if a vervet monkey gives a leopard call and its recipient, say its offspring, takes countermeasures for python, there is no evidence that monkeys correct errant listeners or that their communication is intentional (Premark, 2004). It was noted that Washoe, another chimpanzee, adopted a younger chimpanzee Loulis as his son. He spontaneously acquired signs from Washoe and was also seen to be taught by Washoe. Although this is a clear indication of what is known as cultural transmission, it is unclear whether it is a language that has been transmitted, or just a sophisticated communication system (Premark, 2004). At first sight Washoe appears to have acquired the use of words and their meanings, and at least some rudimentary syntax-that is, being sensitive to word order in both production and comprehension. However, Washoe did not show learning of functional words like prepositions and inflections, neither was he able to differentiate between different parts of speech like conjunctions, nouns and verbs. Productivity is one of the most important design-features of human spoken language, which refers to the capacity to say things that have never been said or heard before and yet to be understood by other speakers of the same language (Hockett, 1960). One would be able to coin new utterances by incorporating pieces familiar from old utterances and assembling them by patterns of arrangement also familiar in old utterances. In human speech where blending exists, a speaker would hesitate between two words or phrases, both reasonably appropriate to context, a combination of parts of each. It is also involved in slips of tongue which would assist infants in switching from a closed to an open system productivity also known as openness, the ability to invent new messages, where syntax, the grammatical arrangement of sentences, plays an enormous rule (Shostak, 2009). It can be demonstrated using syntax, where in humans, there is a finite number of grammatical rules and a finite number of word s, but humans are able to combine them to produce an infinite number of sentences once they associate the words with particular meanings or concepts, and put them into different orders (Chomsky, 1957; Marshall, 1970). Primate calls constitute a small finite repertory of familiar calls, therefore they are considered having a closed call system and do not demonstrate productivity. According to Hockett (1960), bee dancing shows productivity. However, this is questionable as types of dancing bees do may barely be repertoires. There is a belief that whales and dolphins possess language. However, there is no current evidence suggesting that dolphins employ sequences of sub-units conveying particular messages, which is in the same way we combine words to form sentences to convey messages (Pearce, 2008). In early research by Evans and Bastian (1969), dolphins carried on making sounds even when other dolphins were absent, where communication with each other in carrying out cooperative tasks to obtain fish seems to be explicable by conditioning (Holder, Herman and Kuczaj, 1989). There is no evidence that dolphins can produce even the simplest sentence in language (Pearce, 2008). By now, there is no animal communication system that can satisfy the four properties of syntax identified by Kako (1999) and iteration and recursion properties of language (Hauser et al., 2002). Herman, Richards, and Wolz (1984) taught two bottle-nosed dolphins, Phoenix and Akeakamai, artificial languages. One artificial language was visually based using gestures of the trainers arms and legs, and the other was acoustically based using computer-generated sounds transmitted through underwater speakers. However, this research tested only the animals comprehension of the artificial language, not their ability to produce it. From the point of view of answering our questions on language and animals, it is clearly important to examine both comprehension and production. Even just testing their comprehension, the dolphins syntactic ability was limited, and they showed no evidence of being able to use function words (Kako, 1999). Although others have claimed that chimpanzees could comprehend spoken English, they have failed to present adequate data to substantiate such assertions (Pearce, 2008). In repeated tests since 1977, Sherman and Austin, two chimpanzees, consistently failed comprehension tests of spoken English though they have constantly been exposed to it from infancy. Kanzi, however, was displaying a remarkable comprehension of spoken English, where Kanzi was not being reinforced nor trained to do the experimental task (E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, et al., 1985). Kanzi is a pygmy chimpanzee, and it is claimed he has made a vital step in spontaneously acquiring the understanding that symbols refer to things in the world. He first acquired symbols by observing the training of his mother on lexigrams devices that produce word sounds when pressed. He was sensitive to word order, and understood verb meanings- he could distinguish between get the rock and take the rock, and between put the hat on your ball and put the ball on your hat. He also formed spontaneous utterances. Petitto (1987, cited in Pearce, 2008) argued that Kanzis understanding of names is not like that of humans. Kako (1999) argued that Kanzi shows no signs of possessing any function words, nor any indication of being able to use morphology: he does not modify his language according to number, as we do when we form plurals. Pepperberg (1987) embarked on an elaborate formal programme of training of her African grey parrot called Alex. After 13 years of training, Alex developed a vocabulary of 80 words including object names, adjectives, and verbs. He could even produce and understand short sequences of words understand concepts of same and different. Alex showed evidence of being able to combine discrete categories and use syntactic categories appropriately, but was unable to relate objects to verbs, and knew very few function words (Kako, 1999). Therefore, Alex had limited linguistic abilities. The last design-feature to be mentioned, the duality of patterning, means that only combinations of meaningless units are meaningful, and this is applicable to both the sound and word level, and word and sentence level (Hockett, 1960). It provides much efficiency and flexibility to human language. When a vocal-auditory system carries a larger and larger number of distinct meaningful elements, they become more similar to one another in sound, where there is a limit for any species to how many distinct stimuli they are capable of distinguishing between, in particular they have to be made under noisy conditions. This design-feature is illustrated by English words tack, cat and act, which are composed of only three basic meaningless sounds in different permutations, yet totally distinct in meaning. Very few animal communicative systems share this design-feature of language none among other hominoids (e.g. apes, monkeys), or maybe humans are the only one (Harley, 2001). To conclude, none of the animals mentioned seemed to be capable of possessing the above mentioned design-features of human spoken language (Hockett, 1960). They were also unable to command the complicated syntax and lexical competences that humans possess. This may be due to humans having large and convoluted brains acting as better storage units for conventions of a complex communicative system as language (Pinker, 1994). Though many animals possess rich symbolic communication systems enabling them to convey messages to other members of the species which would influence behaviour and possess many of Hocketts (1960) design features, they all lack the richness of human language, which is manifested in our ability to limitlessly talk about anything and using syntax. The failure to teach apes to speak is partly due to the fact that their vocal tracts are incapable of producing all sounds of human speech, where according to Duchin (1990, cited in Pearce, 2008), a major constraint on the ability of the chimp to produce sounds of human speech is its tongue which is unable to move to correct positions for creating sounds that are necessary. It is possible that by reducing methodological flaws in language learning paradigms and more investigations of different animals, we would be more informed about whether animals are able to use language comprehensively in the humans do.

Memory and Time Essay -- Informative, Episodic Memory

Critically assess the theory that our memory for the past is a crucial element in imagining the future. Human beings do not have the ability to travel in time; therefore the only way to detach themselves from the present is through their mental world, where they can access past recollections as well as prospective expectations. The only memory system allowing individuals to mentally time travel is episodic memory. Bartlett (1932) proposed the idea that memory is not an actual reproduction of the past, but a constructive process in which distinct pieces of information from various sources are drawn together. Therefore episodic memory does not just hold and retrieve exact replicas of past experiences but rather holds detailed distinctive informations which allow individuals to recollect past events. Schacter and Addis (2007) argued that details from the past episodes are also crucial for fabricating or imagining future scenes and occurring. This ability is referred to as prospection or episodic future thinking. Re-experiencing of past events and the capacity of the pre-experience episodes in the future are enabled by the same episodic memory system. However as the future is not an exact duplication of the past, they argue that simulating of the future happenings is enabled by a constructive, rather than reproductive system, able to extract and recombine elements from the past experiences in order to imagine the future. If this claim is correct there should be a considerable overlap in psychological as well as in neural processes involved in remembering the past and imagining the future. Shao, Yao, Ceci and Wang (2010) reject Schacter and Addis’ idea, claiming that future scenarios are not merely a reflection of the past but ... ...nd into the future operates on the same cognitive capacities. The argument was supported with presenting brief descriptions of behavioural studies and neuroimaging experiments, presenting evidence for the claims that recollecting the past and envisioning the future involve a shared brain network and that imagining future scenarios requires collecting and amending details from the past. Contradictory to this view, the essay presented Shao, Yao, Ceci and Wang’s theory of the importance of individual concept of self on envisioning future events, showing differences in peoples past and future self concepts. Furthermore, the essay was summed up with the idea that both views should meet on a common ground, as mental time travel into the past and the future is enabled by a shared brain network, however it is also influenced by acquired non personal knowledge of the world.

Global Broadcasting Systems :: essays research papers

This book is about the global broadcasting systems. The Preface says that things are changing so fast that the book will probably be outdated by the time we read it. On the other hand, it does provide a clear picture of television and other media around the world, at the moment in time when the authors did their research. The writers got help from their colleagues, as well as questions and comments by students, in order to put the book together in its final form. It has seven chapters, a Glossary, a list of Further Reading, and an index. Each chapter discusses one aspect of global broadcasting. Chapter One is titled "The World Telecommunications Revolution." The empowerment of consumers is changing the way global telecommunications works, even though this is not the aim of the media distributors. Many professionals in the field "believe that the future is a multimedia retrieval system for everyone" (p. 1). World communications systems can make it possible to get any almost television show in the world, from almost anywhere in the world. Different cultures might require different types of programming around the world. On the other hand, shows like CNN have made the formats of programs uniform around the world. Will we have diversity, or uniformity, in the future? Chapter Two is titled "World Systems Overview." There are hundreds of millions of television sets and radios all over the world. Countries like the US, Canada, and England have sophisticated broadcast systems. Developing countries like those in Central and South America do not. Some countries have private broadcasters, and others have government broadcasters. Some countries have a mix of both private and government ownership. Chapter Three is titled "Control and Regulation of World Systems." The variety of control, from complete government control of broadcasting systems to total privatization of ownership, depends on the form of government in each country. The US has private ownership, but the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates broadcasting. Canada has government broadcasting by the Canadian Broadcasting Company (CBC), but they also have private ownership because they want diversity in programming. In Cuba the government has control over all stations. Chapter Four is titled "Financing Global Electronic Media." The source of funds for broadcasting could be government subsidy, private advertising, or donations by the viewing public. Most of the broadcasting in the US is supported by advertising. The Canadian government supports the CBC because they believe that it is important for the growth of national culture and education.

Galileo Galilei :: essays research papers

Galileo was an Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. In the mid 1570’s, he and his family moved to Florence and he started his formal education in a local monastery. He was sent to the University of Pisa in 1581. While there, he studied medicine and the philosophy of Aristotle until 1585. During these years at the university, he realized that he never really had any interest in medicine but that he had a talent for math. It was in 1585 that he convinced his father to let him leave the university and come home to Florence. Back in Florence, he spent his time as a tutor and began to doubt the Aristotle’s philosophy. In 1589, he was made professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa where he attended school. His position also required him to teach astronomy based on Ptolemy’s theory that all planets and the sun revolved around the earth. In 1592, he left the University of Pisa and went to the University of Padua to become professor of mathematics. During his time there, he constructed a clumsy thermometer which would have work if he had taken into consideration atmospheric pressure but it still has a significance in history as being one of the first measuring instruments in science. He taught he for 18 years and during that time, became convinced that there was truth in the theory of Nicolaus Copernicus a Polish astronomer who believed that all planets including earth revolved around the sun. While still at Padua, in 1609, he built the first astronomical telescope. When he used it to look at the sky, he easily found that most of Aristotle’s and Ptolemy’s theories were wrong. His most important discovery was when he discovered the four moons of Jupiter in 1610. Later that year Cosimo de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, named Galileo his personal mathematician. This brought him back to Florence once again here he continued his studies in astronomy. Galileo also studied motion, especially that of freely falling objects. While watching swinging lamps in church one day, he noticed that it takes the same time between swings no matter how big or small the arc is. This observation led to his invention of the pendulum clock. He also discovered, before Newton, that two objects of different weights fell at the same speed.

Geologic History of Red Rock Canyon and Valley of Fire

Valley of Fire and Red Rock Canyon Red Rock Canyon is presently located 5 miles west of Las Vegas, Nevada. It is 197,000 acres within the Mojave Desert. The canyon is one of several in the state with the name Red Rock, this one is located on the east side of Spring Mountain, the flat land rises to a great colorful escarpment, formed along a fault zone (the Keystone Thrust) with several peaks over 8,000 feet, and including huge cliffs and ravines composed of bands of gray Paleozoic carbonates, white and red Jurassic sandstone, all heavily eroded. The wide empty plains beneath the hills are studded with Joshua trees and other plants typical of the Mojave Desert, contributing to a most impressive spectacle. Red rock canyon has a fairly complex geologic history. The now national conservation area was at the bottom of a deep ocean basin and the western coast of North America was in present day Utah. Around 542 million years ago, Paleozoic, the area was under a deep ocean. Thick deposits of sediment, about 9,000ft, were lithified. This lithified sediment eventually formed limestone and other similar carbonate rocks. Preservation of marine invertebrate fossils provides evidence for a marine setting for the Paleozoic. Starting around 250 million years ago, the Mesozoic era, the earths crust rose due to tectonic shifts. This forced water out of the area leaving behind rock formations of salt and gypsum, this lead to the exposure of the former sea bed causing the rock to oxidize to the now characteristic red-orange color. The Paleozoic carbonates are dominantly gray in color and only red-orange locally. These pre-existing carbonate deposits were dissolved and oxidized due to sea level drop and sub aerial exposure, creating an unconformable surface (unconformity). The seabed rose slowly somewhere around 225 million years ago, causing streams to enter shallow waters, depositing mud and sand. This later became shale and marine sandstones of the Triassic Moenkopi formation. During Triassic time, the changing landscape trapped several large bodies of water. These meandering streams deposited mud, gravel and other debris like logs. In some cases minerals replaced the organics changing them into petrified wood. These are some of the few fossils found at the foot of the cliffs. These terrestrial deposits make up the Triassic Chinle Formation. Around 180 million years ago the sea levels had dropped leaving the area completely arid similar to the Sahara desert, a large desert with shifting red sands and huge dune fields. Winds shifted the dunes and leveled older ones leaving angled lines in the sand referred to as cross-beds. These in turn were buried by other sediments and eventually cemented into sandstone by iron oxide and calcium carbonate. The sandstone is locally known as Aztec sandstone; it is very hard and forms the prominent cliffs of the Red Rock escarpment. The Aztec equivalent is known as the Navajo Sandstone, which crops out in many of the Utah National Parks, so the migrating sand sea was laterally extensive. The most significant feature of Red Rock Canyon is the Keystone Thrust Fault, a reverse fault with a shallow dip. A thrust fault is a fracture in the earth's crust, resulting in a compressing force driving one crustal plate over the top of another. This results in older rock lying on top of younger. The Keystone Thrust is part of a large system of thrust faults that extends north into Canada. The dark grey Cambrian Limestone of the Bonanza King Formation was moved sideways and above Aztec Sandstone from the Jurassic era. Placing in essence older stone over younger, opposite of what we know to usually happen in geologic time and from the laws of superposition. This thrust fault was most active during the long Sevier Orogeny, a mountain building event, about 70 million years ago. This tectonic activity from the west pushed upper crust eastward; the movement on the Sevier fold-thrust was nearly 100 kilometers. Geologist believe 65 million years ago, during the Larimide Orogeny, that two of the earth's crustal plates collided with such force that part of one plate was shoved up and over younger sandstones. This thrust contact is clearly defined by the sharp contrast between the grey limestones and the red sandstones. The southern Nevada section of the fold and thrust belt was not affected by Larimide deformation just Sevier Orogeny. Like the Larimide, the Sevier Orogeny was also due to collision of earth’s crustal plates at the subduction zone at the western US margin. The stress and strain associated with this collision caused low-angle thrusting further inland, which is embodied by the Rocky Mountain topography that we see today. The reason Nevada is the most mountainous state is because the continental crust was stretched almost 100% in Tertiary time. Southern NV was affected by this extension, as shown by Fig 1 with the thrusts that are split by the strike-slip faults. The thrust faults were emplaced in Late Jurassic to early Tertiary time. Then, during the Miocene, right lateral movement on the LVVSZ split all of the pre-existing thrusts. So, if that is the case, then the rocks that you see at Red Rocks are the same as seen in the VALLEY OF FIRE. However, there are Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks that crop out in the Valley of Fire that don’t exist or are buried and not exposed in Red Rock Canyon. Valley Of fire is located 55 miles Northeast of Las Vegas, Nevada east of Overton. It encompasses 46,000 acres and is Nevada’s oldest state park. The geologic history of this park follows the same time line are Red rock. With only a few differences, the white and red Jurassic sandstone and limestone’s from the Paleozoic era. These are the same sequence of rock units as exposed in Red Rocks The Muddy Mountain thrust of the Valley Of Fire is equivalent to the Keystone thrust in Red Rocks, which brings Cambrian Bonanza King over the Jurassic Aztec. The Willow Tank Thrust is the easternmost thrust, which brings Jurassic Aztec over the Cretaceous Willow Tank Formation (thrust is shown in fig 2). Cretaceous rocks in the Valley of Fire (these rocks were deposited in a foreland basin in front of the thrust belt and thus were preserved due to subsequent burial). The Willow Tank Formation, ~101-98 Ma, dates from a fossil fern and radiometric ages from ash beds, conglomerates, mudstones, ash beds, sandstones in this unit. Which are interpreted to have been deposited in a low-lying floodplain and lake environments. White Member Sandstones and conglomerates are interpreted to be deposited in braided stream and alluvial fan environments, 95-96 Ma, age dates from ash beds. The white color is attributed to the uplift and erosion of the Jurassic Aztec sandstone on the Willow Tank thrust. So this unit is derived from the erosion of that frontal thrust Red Member. Also, sandstones and conglomerates have been interpreted to be deposited in braided stream and alluvial fan environments, ~93 Ma, age date from one ash bed the red color is due to erosion of older units (Triassic-Paleozoic) on the Willow Tank Thrust. Overton Conglomerate Member is dominantly carbonates with subordinate sandstone interpreted to be mainly braided stream deposits which the age not known. The Tertiary units that crop out in the Valley of Fire are basin-fill deposits. While extension was happening (Basin and Range), many valleys were formed and housed river, lake and alluvial fan depositional environments. So the Tertiary Horse Spring and Muddy Creek Formations are basin-fill deposits. The climate in the present day area contributes to the preservation of the outcrops of sandstone. With mild winters I ranging from 0 to 75 degrees and summers exceeding 120 degrees, the arid landscape only has weathering from wind to deal with. The rainfall rarely exceeds 4inches a year. Some of the interesting and peculiar shaped out crops include the Atlatl (at’-lat-l) Rock which is named for an ancient Indian spear that is depicted in many petro glyphs or rock art. There are many of these petro glyphs through out the Valley Of Fire and Red Rock Canyon. Atlatl Rock is located  near the west entrance of the park. It has some outstanding examples of petro glyphs. In order to see it you must climb up a stairway which is about 40 feet high. The petro glyphs at Atlatl Rock are out in the open, visible to passers by, about 40 to 60 feet above the ground. The main panel is a relatively flat surface which faces exactly east. This was verified by taking compass readings from several vantage points. Atlatl Rock shows a set of images which appear to tell some kind of story. There are many interpretations of these images. Some of the interpretations are controversial. No one will ever really know what any petro glyph that was made in prehistoric times means. Through the means of ethnographic analogy, anthropologists try to interpret the possible meanings of these images. Atlatl Rock is intriguing because it contains images that we seem to know the meaning of because they look familiar. The images we think we know are mixed in with images that we can only guess at. The Beehives are so named for their resemblance to beehives. This effect is caused by erosion, mostly wind, or Aeolian processes. Aeolian erosion has two main processes, deflation and abrasion. Nearby is evidence of the process of deflation where sand is removed by wind and transported across the desert forming sand dunes and abrading rock surfaces along the way. Although Aeolian abrasion is not often as significant as the abrasion process in streams or along shores, it is significant over long periods of time. The results are sculpted rocks with unusual shapes due to the in situ erosion. In a fluvial environment erosion results in rounded shapes as rocks are tumbled end over end. The wind based abrasion pits, polishes, facets and shapes the exposed rock surfaces in as many ways as the wind can blow. As the sand is ultimately deposited in dunes somewhere, it takes on the shapes of ripples and waves like sand under flowing water. As the sand piles up, dunes get larger. As the wind continues to blow, the dunes migrate in the direct that it does. The shifting winds and the continuing deposition of sand creates an effect called cross bedding. This is caused by the sand being blown down the slip face or leeward side of the dune. Over time the dunes that were created in this area became fossilized. Geologic process have reveal these fossilized dune fields and exposed them to erosion. At the Beehives we see the process repeat and reveal itself. The wind blown sand abrades the softer rock first articulating the layers of sand originally deposited hundreds of millions of years ago as the courser, leeward deposit remains. One of the most well known is the Seven Sisters, seven free standing rocks all in a single row. The Seven Sisters are called that because of the unusual results of Aeolian erosion on the bright red sandstone. This type of erosion is common in deserts. In the Valley of Fire wind erosion creates nature’s sculptures in numbers. Everywhere are examples of the winds action on the soft red sandstone. As the wind abrades the rocks disarticulating them one grain at a time it leaves its mark on the stone. Each grain freed from its place joins in with the wind to free more of its cohorts. The horde finally rests in dunes and then moves and shifts as the wind pushes it. Over millions of years, what was once a ridge or a mountain, has been reduced by the relentless action of the winter, water, heat and cold, to relatively slender stone pillars. Sometimes they stand together. The Seven Sister's do not actually resemble people in anything but an imagined sense. They are icons sculpted out of red sandstone by nature. They represent the struggle of all forms, animate and stationary against the forces of time and nature. A petro glyph is a mark made into a stone surface by humans to represent some object. This is contrasted to what is often referred to as rock painting, which is a design or image painted or drawn on to the surface of the rock. Those are called pictographs. Petro glyphs images are pecked, scratched or ground into the surface of the rock. In some areas the authors used a hammer stone and a pebble as a chisel. In Southwestern deserts, petro glyphs are found on canyon walls, rocks, on cliff sides where time and weather and the unique chemistry of the rock, adds a color to the rock surface. This coating usually consists of iron and manganese dioxides mixed with other things such as the by products lichens. This is called a ‘desert varnish' or patina. With a patina or varnish the rock surfaces often appear shiny or wet. Sometimes images are also cut into a surface that is not discolored. Some images on are on high, flat canyon walls or steep rock faces sometimes as far from the ground as a dozens of meters. Works Cited 1)†GEOLOGY. † Red Rock Canyon. 30 Apr. 2009 . 2)†Red Rock Canyon Geology. † Prodigy's Personal Web Pages. 30 Apr. 2009 . 3)†Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area -. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 30 Apr. 2009 . 4)†Thrust Fault. † About Geology – The Complete Guide to Geology. 30 Apr. 2009 . 5)†Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada. † Desert Biomes by DesertUSA. 30 Apr. 2009 . Interview Kelsey McNamara, grad student at Montana State University, May 2, 2009 via Email